Non-destructive staging of barley reproductive development for molecular analysis based upon external morphology
نویسندگان
چکیده
A prerequisite to study the molecular genetic pathways of pollen and anther development is an accurate staging system for reproductive development. However in barley, floret formation occurs mainly within the pseudostem, which makes the observation of floret development and access to the floret particularly difficult without dissecting the plant. Thus selecting stages for molecular analysis cannot be done non-destructively. A staging method has therefore been developed for barley in order to define the relationship between readily detectable growth points and reproductive development, to provide a clear key to enable accurate selection of reproductive material. Initial staging followed the traditional Zadoks decimal system, with minor adaptations to stages 31-34 and stage 37. The later stages, from 37 onward, were replaced by growth staging based upon the last flag elongation (LFE) and the position occupied by the spike within the pseudostem. Spike size could be readily predicted by using the staging system incorporating Zadoks stages 31-37, supplemented with substages and by LFE staging to improve accuracy. The different spike sizes, as well as the LFE stages, showed a clear relationship to events occurring within the anther, as confirmed by light microscopy of the anthers. The defined relationship between spike size and development to anther development now makes possible the accurate prediction of anther and pollen progression by external staging. This, therefore, provides a mechanism for non-destructive selection of material for analysis that is critical for the molecular characterization of genes in anther and pollen development.
منابع مشابه
Effect of Antibiotic, Probiotic and Prebiotic in Diets Containing Barley on Performance, Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, Blood Parameters and Immunological Response in Broilers
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of replacing corn by 20% barley supplementedwith probiotic, prebiotic and antibiotic on performance, immune response, intestinal morphology, carcass development and nutrient digestibility of broilers. Four hundred Ross 308 one day-old broiler chicks were assigned randomly to 5 dietary treatments and were tested for 42 days in a com...
متن کاملThe Effect of Varicocelectomy on Assisted Reproductive Technique Indications and Outcomes based on Kruger Strict Morphology Test: a Randomized Clinical Trial
Background: A significant percent of infertile varicocele patients remained infertile after varicocelectomy and finally most of them refer for assisted reproductive technique (ART) procedures as intra uterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In order to achieve the best results, more strict and accurate standards for ...
متن کاملStrategy of adventure sports development in Sanandaj city by SWOT analysis
In recent years by technology development and changes in lifestyles of communities, adventure sports as a new field of sport is growing in a rapid rate and attracted fans in different communities. Importance of leisure time and sport tourism makes this issue an importante area for scientific research. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers and solutions of adventure ...
متن کاملGenetic and Phenotypic Variation for Flowering Time Genes in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Objective: Flowering Time (FT) in cereals controlled by genes that had a main factor on plant development. Methods: Genetic and phenotypic diversity of four flowering time genes (FT2, FT3, FT4, Ppd-H1) in 19 genotypes of cultivated and wild barley was evaluated and a total of 107 alleles were amplified. Genotypes based on days to flowering time and molecular data were grouped into earl...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
دوره 63 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2012